Labarin waka |
Labarin kida (daga Girkanci palaios - tsoho, tsoho da grapo - Na rubuta) - yanki na uXNUMXbuXNUMXb tarihin kide-kide, na musamman na kiɗa-tarihin. horo. Yana nazarin tsoffin tsarin rikodi na kiɗa, tsarin juyin halittar muses. alamomi, gyare-gyaren su graphics. siffofin, kazalika da Monuments na muses. rubuce-rubuce (ch. arr. rubutun waƙa don dalilai na al'ada) dangane da tsarin kiɗa, lokaci da wurin halitta, marubucin. Farashin P.m. ya haɗa da nazarin alamun ruwa na takarda (filigrees), kayan aiki da tsarin kiɗa. rubuce-rubucen hannu. A cikin aikin bincike na zamani P. m. Hakanan yana yin tushen-vetch. ayyuka: ganewa, kwatanci da tsarin tsarin muses da aka rubuta da hannu. abubuwan tunawa, ma'anar alaƙar su, nazarin juyin halittar nau'ikan kansu, da sauransu P. m. karatu daban-daban tsarin muses. records: haruffa, dijital, notolinear, ta amfani da musamman al'ada alamomi (ekphonetic, neumatic, znamenny, da dai sauransu.).
Maƙasudin manufa na kiɗa-paleographic. bincike - deciphering daban-daban tsarin na muses. rikodi da fassarar kiɗa. rubutun abubuwan tunawa da hannu a cikin zamani. layin layi. Sabili da haka, mafi mahimmancin aiki Ayyukan P. m. shi ne haɓaka dabarun tushen kimiyya da hanyoyin karanta kiɗan. rubuce-rubucen tsoffin rubuce-rubucen rubuce-rubucen hannu, bayyana abubuwan da suka faru-na alama na muses. harsuna na zamani daban-daban. Dangane da wannan, P.m. yayi binciko ilimin tauhidi na muses. haruffa, ciki har da (a cikin tarihin tarihi) matsalolin coding kiɗa. bayani. P. m Hakanan yana fuskantar matsaloli da dama na tarihin gama gari. da kiɗa. tsari - asalin tsarin muses. rubuce-rubuce, rabe-rabensu da mu'amalarsu a cikin tsarin juyin halitta, yanayin wannan juyin halitta, mu'amalar magana da muses. rubuce-rubucen, haɗin kai-figurative na muses. al'adar rubuce-rubucen al'adun gargajiya da tatsuniyoyi, hanyoyin nazarin muses da aka rubuta da hannu. abubuwan tunawa.
Ta yaya takamaiman. wani bangare na P.m. An haɗa a cikin tarihi da philoloji. paleography, yana amfani da hanyoyinsa na nazarin abin da aka rubuta da hannu. P. m a matsayin kimiyya. horo da aka kafa a mahaɗin tarihi. musicology, paleography da kiɗa. nazarin tushen, sabili da haka, a cikin hanyoyin paleographic Pm an haɗa su, kiɗa da nazari. da kiɗa-na tarihi. bincike, amfani da ka'idar. ci gaba da hanyoyin kididdiga, ka'idar bayanai, da sauran ilimin kimiyya da fannoni.
Binciken kiɗa. Abubuwan da aka rubuta da hannu sun wuce fasaha mai zuwa. matakai:
1) binciken tushen (bayanin abin tunawa, bayaninsa da rarrabawa);
2) fassarorin gabaɗaya (nazarin fassarorin rubutun: fasali na waje, ƙawance, marubuci, adanawa, salon rubutu na kalmomin magana da kiɗan kiɗa, fage, da sauransu);
3) musical-paleographic (fasali na daidaitawa na magana da rubutu na kiɗa, rarrabuwa na tsarin rikodin kide-kide, nazarin kwatancen da tsarin tsarin gine-ginen hoto da abubuwa na rikodin kiɗa, da dai sauransu). Musical-paleographic. matakin bincike ya ƙunshi amfani da kwatancen tarihi, kiɗa da ka'idar, lissafi. da sauran hanyoyin, da'irar da ke fadadawa yayin da abubuwa ke tarawa da ci gaban P. m. kanta a matsayin kida-fasaha. fannonin ilimi.
Sakamakon kiɗa-paleographic. Ana nuna karatu a cikin wallafe-wallafe, gami da bugu na muses. abubuwan tarihi na tarihi tare da bincike da sharhi na kimiyya, waɗanda galibi suna ɗauke da haɓakar hanyar tantancewa da fassarar kiɗa. rubutu zuwa bayanin layi.
A cikin P. m., ana iya bambanta Rashanci. chanter paleography, Byzantine (Girkanci) kiɗa. paleography, Latin (Gregorian) kiɗa. paleography, hannu. labarin tarihin kiɗa da sauran fannoni. Rarraba ya dogara ne akan zane-zane, syntactic. da sauran fasalulluka na kiɗan. records a cikin Monuments yankuna. Kowane yanki na binciken P. m. yayi dai-dai da da'irar rubutun hannu, a matsayin ka'ida, a cikin wani harshe, wanda ke da takamaiman harshe. fasali a cikin tsarin kiɗan da aka yi amfani da su. rubuce-rubuce. A nan gaba, tare da ƙwarewa mafi girma da tarin kayan aiki, sababbin nau'in P. m na iya fitowa.
A matsayin kimiyya na musamman, P.m. ya fara samun tsari a cikin 50s. Ƙarni na 19 Mafi mahimmanci shine ayyukan Faransanci. masanin kimiyya EA Kusmaker, wanda ya kafa nazarin tsakiyar zamanai. rubuce-rubucen kiɗa akan ingantaccen tushe na kimiyya da karyata hasashe marasa tushe game da asalin Yammacin Turai. nevm. Daga baya, X. Riemann, O. Fleischer, P. Wagner ya ba da gudummawa mai girma ga nazari da ƙaddamar da rubutun da aka yanke, kuma a wani lokaci - P. Ferretti, J. Handshin, E. Yammers da sauransu. A cikin 1889-1950 a Faransa, ƙarƙashin editan . A. Mokro (tun daga 1931 - J. Gazhar) ya buga tarin tarin abubuwan tunawa na rubutun rugujewa tare da cikakken bincike. sharhi ("Paleographie musicale" - "musical paleography", 19 vols.). Siffofin Tsakanin Tsakiyar Byzantine. A. Gastuet da JB Thibaut a farkon ƙarni na 19th da 20th an yi bayani dalla-dalla a cikin ayyukan A. Gastuet da JB Thibaut; duk da haka, an samu ƙwararrun nasarori a wannan yanki a cikin 20s da 30s. godiya ga binciken E. Welles, GJW Tilyard da K. Hög. Sun yi nasarar warware gaba ɗaya bayanin tsakiyar Byzantine, wanda ya buɗe hanyar fahimtar abubuwan tarihin tarihin Paleo-Byzantine. Tun daga 1935, an buga jerin abubuwan Monumentae musicae byzantinae (Monument of Byzantine Music), wanda ya haɗa da wallafe-wallafen sharhi na kimiya da nazari na musamman. A cikin zamani A cikin ayyukan kimiyya, ra'ayin gama-gari na tushen Byzantine yana ƙara samun karɓuwa. da kuma Yammacin Turai ba rubuce-rubucen laifuka ba da kuma yiwuwar ƙirƙirar P.m. na duniya guda ɗaya, wanda ya shafi kowane nau'i na Tsakiyar Tsakiya. rubuce-rubucen kiɗa.
Rasha Waƙar waƙa ta bincika tarihin waƙar Slavic-Rasha da aka rubuta da hannu na 12th - farkon. Karni na 18 (rubuta daban-daban - har zuwa karni na 20): Kondakari, Stihirari, Irmologii, Oktoikhi, da sauransu. A cikin waɗannan rubuce-rubucen, a matsayin mai mulkin, ana amfani da tsarin akida (znamenny) na muses. records: kondakar, ginshiƙi, tafiya, da dai sauransu A lokaci guda, Rasha singing paleography la'akari nottolinear rubuce-rubucen, wanda ya a cikin 17th karni. musamman a Rasha. fasali (wanda ake kira banner Kiev, wanda har yanzu ba a yi cikakken nazarin fasalin su ba), da kuma rubutun banner-notlinear na con. 17- bara. Karni na 18 (duba Banner sau biyu), yana ba da damar kwatanta. nazarin tsarin coding na kiɗan guda biyu daban-daban daban-daban. yin magana. VM Undolsky (1846) da IP Sakharov (1849) suka fara nazarin rubutun Znamenny. Musical-paleographic. VF Odoevsky da VV Stasov sun gudanar da bincike. Wani sabon mataki, wanda ya ba da mahimman bayanai na tarihi da kimiyya. Tsarin kayan aiki, sune ayyukan DV Razumovsky. Mahimmancin gudummawa ga ci gaban matsalolin Rasha. SV Smolensky, VM Metallov, AV Preobrazhensky, da kuma VM Belyaev, MV Brazhnikov, ND Uspensky, da sauransu sun gabatar da paleography na waƙa. Brazhnikov taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin ci gaban kimiyya. kayan yau da kullum na Rasha singing paleography. Ya kirkiro kwas na musamman a fannin kiɗan kiɗa ga ɗaliban ilimin kiɗa, wanda ya koyar a Leningrad Conservatory daga 1969 har zuwa ƙarshen rayuwarsa (1973). Ya tsara ainihin manufar Rasha. rera tarihin burbushin halittu a matsayin kimiyya. horo (a da, yawancin al'amuransa an yi la'akari da su ta hanyar tarihin iyali na Rasha ko ilmin kimiya na coci-coci). A kan zamani mataki na ci gaban wannan kimiyya ya zama mafi dacewa tushen, methodological da muz.-paleographic. Matsaloli. Hanyar yin bayanin rubutun waƙa an ɓullo da shi gabaɗaya (Brazhnikov), amma har yanzu ba a warware batutuwan tsarin da rabe-rabe na Rashanci ba. abubuwan tarihi na kiɗa, juyin halittar nau'ikan waƙa; matsalar asalin Rashanci ba a warware ba. tsarin kiɗa. rubuta duka daga gefen syntactic da kuma daga bangaren ilimin tauhidi. Abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da matsalar genesis sune matsalolin coding muses. bayanai a cikin tsarin znamenny da juyin halittar tsarin znamenny kansu. Daya daga cikin bangarorin juyin halitta shine tambayar tarihi. Zaman lokaci na rubutun Znamenny (Brazhnikov ya ba da shawarar lokaci-lokaci na paleographic dangane da canza zane na banners); ana haɓaka tsarin tsarin znamenny.
Daya daga cikin manyan matsalolin da Rasha singing paleography - deciphering Znamenny harafin da ba alama lokaci (duba Kryuki). A cikin wallafe-wallafen kimiyya, an gano hanyoyi guda biyu daban-daban don magance wannan matsala. Ɗaya daga cikinsu ita ce hanyar "daga sananne zuwa wanda ba a sani ba", watau daga nau'ikan bayanin ƙugiya na baya, waɗanda ke da ƙimar darajar dangi (rubutun "alama" da "sa hannu") zuwa waɗanda ba a cika su ba tukuna. deciphered. Smolensky ya gabatar da wannan hanyar, daga baya Metallov, Brazhnikov ya kare shi, kuma I. Gardner ya kare shi. Wata hanyar da yawancin masana kimiyyar Yammacin Turai (M. Velimirovic, O. Strunk, K. Floros, K. Levi) ke bi ya dogara ne akan kwatanta tsoffin nau'ikan Znamenny da Kondakar rubuce-rubuce tare da bayanin Paleo-Byzantine. Babu ɗayan waɗannan hanyoyin kadai da zai iya kaiwa ga ƙarshe. don magance matsalar, da kuma cimma sakamako mai kyau, mai kwarjini a kimiyyance, mu'amalarsu ya zama dole.
hannu ilimin tarihin kiɗa yana nazarin tsoffin tsarin muses. rubuce a cikin Monuments na Armenian. al'adun kiɗa na ƙarni na 5th-18th. (daga karni na 8 - bayanin khaz). A cikin sabon binciken, Mawallafa sun lura cewa an samar da tsarin rubutu mai zaman kansa a Armeniya, wanda ke da takamaiman nat. halaye. Tsohuwar hannu. Ana tattara rubuce-rubucen kiɗa da kuma nazarin su a cikin Jiha. ma'ajiyar tsoffin rubuce-rubucen rubuce-rubuce a ƙarƙashin Majalisar Ministocin Arm. SSR (Matenadaran), wanda shine mahimmancin duniya. Daga cikin manyan matsalolin hannu. tarihin kiɗan ya haɗa da kwanan wata na farkon rubuce-rubucen, asalin Arm. sanarwa da kuma neman samfurori na haz notation, deciphering, nazarin alakar Tsakiyar Zamani. Prof. da Nar. kiɗa, da dai sauransu.
Ci gaban kiɗa-paleographic. matsalolin tarihin kiɗan Armenia suna da alaƙa da sunayen Gr. Gapasakalyan, E. Tntesyan, Komitas. Na karshen a karon farko ya tayar da matsalolin genesis da juyin halittar haz, ya fara kimiyya. music-paleographic. nazarin abubuwan tarihi na Armeniya. al'adun kiɗa; Ana la'akari da matsalolin ka'idoji a cikin ayyukan XS Kushnarev, PA Atayan, NK Tagmizyan.
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GA Nikishov
