Kidan kasashen waje na farkon karni na 20

Sha'awar mawaƙa don yin mafi yawan damar da ma'aunin chromatic ya ba mu damar haskaka wani lokaci daban a cikin tarihin kiɗan waje na ilimi, wanda ya taƙaita nasarorin ƙarni na baya kuma ya shirya hankalin ɗan adam don fahimtar kiɗan waje Tsarin sautin 12.

A farkon karni na 20th ya ba wa duniya kida 4 manyan ƙungiyoyi a karkashin sunan zamani: impressionism, expressionism, neoclassicism da neofolklorism - dukansu ba kawai bi daban-daban a raga, amma kuma hulda da juna a cikin wannan m zamanin.

Tasiri

Bayan an yi aiki a hankali don keɓanta mutum da bayyana duniyarsa ta ciki, kiɗa ya ci gaba zuwa tunaninsa, watau YADDA mutum ya fahimci kewaye da duniyar ciki. Gwagwarmayar tsakanin hakikanin gaskiya da mafarkai ya ba da damar yin la'akari da daya da ɗayan. Duk da haka, wannan canji ya faru ta hanyar motsi na wannan suna a cikin fasaha mai kyau na Faransanci.

Godiya ga zane-zane na Claude Monet, Puvis de Chavannes, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec da Paul Cézanne, kiɗan ya jawo hankali ga gaskiyar cewa birnin, ya ɓaci a cikin idanu saboda ruwan sama na kaka, kuma hoton fasaha ne wanda zai iya zama. isar da sauti.

Musical impressionism ya fara bayyana a karshen karni na 19, lokacin da Erik Satie ya buga opuses ("Sylvia", "Mala'iku", "Three Sarabands"). Shi, abokinsa Claude Debussy da mabiyin su Maurice Ravel duk sun zana wahayi da hanyoyin magana daga hangen nesa.

Bayyanawa

Expressionism, ba kamar ra'ayi ba, yana ba da ra'ayi na ciki, amma bayyanar kwarewa ta waje. Ya samo asali ne a cikin shekarun farko na karni na 20 a Jamus da Ostiriya. Expressionism ya zama martani ga yakin duniya na farko, mayar da mawaƙa zuwa jigon adawa tsakanin mutum da gaskiya, wanda ya kasance a cikin L. Beethoven da romantics. Yanzu wannan arangama tana da damar bayyana kanta tare da duk bayanan 12 na kiɗan Turai.

Babban shahararren wakilin furci da kiɗan waje na farkon karni na 20 shine Arnold Schoenberg. Ya kafa New Viennese School kuma ya zama marubucin dodecaphony da fasaha na serial.

Babban makasudin Makarantar Sabon Vienna shine maye gurbin tsarin tonal na "tsohuwar" tare da sababbin fasahohin atonal da ke hade da ra'ayoyin dodecaphony, seriality, seriality da pointillism.

Baya ga Schoenberg, makarantar ta hada da Anton Webern, Alban Berg, Rene Leibowitz, Victor Ullmann, Theodor Adorno, Heinrich Jalowiec, Hans Eisler da sauran mawaƙa.

Rashin daidaituwa

Kade-kade na kasashen waje na farkon karni na 20 ya haifar da fasahohi da dama da kuma hanyoyin bayyana ra'ayi a lokaci guda, wanda nan da nan suka fara yin mu'amala da juna da kuma nasarorin kide-kide na karnin da suka gabata, wanda ya sa ya zama da wahala a iya tantance yanayin kidan na wannan lokacin.

Neoclassicism ya iya samun jituwa cikin jituwa tare da sababbin damar yin amfani da kiɗa mai sauti 12 da kuma tsari da ka'idoji na farkon litattafai. Lokacin da daidaitaccen tsarin yanayin ya nuna cikakken damarsa da iyakoki, neoclassicism ya haɗa kansa daga mafi kyawun nasarorin kidan ilimi a wancan lokacin.

Babban wakilin neoclassicism a Jamus shine Paul Hindemith.

A Faransa, an kafa wata al'umma da ake kira "Six", wanda mawaƙa a cikin aikin su Erik Satie (wanda ya kafa impressionism) da Jean Cocteau suka jagoranci. Ƙungiyar ta haɗa da Louis Durey, Arthur Honegger, Darius Milhaud, Francis Poulenc, Germaine Taillefer da Georges Auric. Kowane mutum ya juya zuwa classicism na Faransa, yana jagorantar shi zuwa rayuwar zamani na babban birni, ta yin amfani da fasahar roba.

Neofollorism

Haɗewar al'adun gargajiya da zamani ya haifar da bullar neofolklorism. Fitaccen wakilinsa shine ƙwararren mawakin Hungarian Bela Bartok. Ya yi magana game da "tsarki na launin fata" a cikin kiɗa na kowace al'umma, ra'ayoyin da ya bayyana a cikin littafi mai suna iri ɗaya.

Anan ga manyan siffofi da sakamakon gyare-gyaren fasaha waɗanda ke da yawa a cikin kiɗan ƙasashen waje na farkon karni na 20. Akwai wasu rabe-rabe na wannan lokacin, ɗaya daga cikinsu duk ayyukan da aka rubuta a waje da tonality a wannan lokacin zuwa farkon kalaman avant-garde.